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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of the series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Chess programming</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Board_representation_(computer_chess)" title="Board representation (computer chess)">Board representations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="0x88" title="0x88">0x88</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_bitboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess bitboard">Bitboards</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Evaluation_function" title="Evaluation function">Evaluation functions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Efficiently_updatable_neural_network" title="Efficiently updatable neural network">Efficiently updatable neural networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Piece-square_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Piece-square table">Piece-square tables</a></li>
<li><a href="Evaluation_function#Handcrafted_evaluation_functions" title="Evaluation function">Handcrafted evaluation functions</a></li>
<li><a href="Deep_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural network">Deep neural networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformers</a></li>
<li><a href="Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural networks</a></li>
<li><a href="Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tuning and training algorithms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a></li>
<li><a href="Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">Stochastic gradient descent</a></li>
<li><a href="Local_search_(optimization)" title="Local search (optimization)">Local search</a> (Texel tuning)</li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Graph_traversal" title="Graph traversal">Graph</a> and <a href="Tree_traversal" title="Tree traversal">tree</a> search algorithms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="Minimax" title="Minimax">Minimax</a></li>
<li><a href="Alpha-beta_pruning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-beta pruning">Alpha-beta pruning</a></li>
<li><a href="Principal_variation_search" title="Principal variation search">Principal variation search</a></li>
<li><a href="Quiescence_search" title="Quiescence search">Quiescence search</a></li>
<li><a href="Monte_Carlo_tree_search" title="Monte Carlo tree search">Monte Carlo tree search</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Chess_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess computer">Chess computers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="Belle_(chess_machine)" title="Belle (chess machine)">Belle</a></li>
<li><a href="ChessMachine" title="ChessMachine">ChessMachine</a></li>
<li><a href="ChipTest" title="ChipTest">ChipTest</a></li>
<li><a href="Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Cray Blitz</a></li>
<li><a href="Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li>
<li><a href="Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="HiTech" title="HiTech">HiTech</a></li>
<li><a href="Hydra_(chess)" title="Hydra (chess)">Hydra</a></li>
<li><a href="Mephisto_(chess_computer)" title="Mephisto (chess computer)">Mephisto</a></li>
<li><a href="Saitek" title="Saitek">Saitek</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_Tiger" title="Chess Tiger">Chess Tiger</a></li>
<li><a href="Crafty" title="Crafty">Crafty</a></li>
<li><a href="CuckooChess" title="CuckooChess">CuckooChess</a></li>
<li><a href="Deep_Fritz" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Fritz">Deep Fritz</a></li>
<li><a href="Dragon_by_Komodo_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon by Komodo Chess">Dragon by Komodo Chess</a></li>
<li><a href="Fairy-Max" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy-Max">Fairy-Max</a></li>
<li><a href="Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a></li>
<li><a href="Fruit_(software)" title="Fruit (software)">Fruit</a></li>
<li><a href="GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li>
<li><a href="HIARCS" title="HIARCS">HIARCS</a></li>
<li><a href="Houdini_(chess)" title="Houdini (chess)">Houdini</a></li>
<li><a href="Ikarus_(chess)" title="Ikarus (chess)">Ikarus</a></li>
<li><a href="Junior_(chess_program)" title="Junior (chess program)">Junior</a></li>
<li><a href="KnightCap" title="KnightCap">KnightCap</a></li>
<li><a href="Komodo_(chess)" title="Komodo (chess)">Komodo</a></li>
<li><a href="Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li>
<li><a href="MChess_Pro" title="MChess Pro">MChess Pro</a></li>
<li><a href="Mittens_(chess_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittens (chess engine)">Mittens</a></li>
<li><a href="MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li>
<li><a href="Naum_(chess)" title="Naum (chess)">Naum</a></li>
<li><a href="REBEL_(chess)" title="REBEL (chess)">REBEL</a></li>
<li><a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a></li>
<li><a href="Shredder_(software)" title="Shredder (software)">Shredder</a></li>
<li><a href="Sjeng_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjeng (chess)">Sjeng</a></li>
<li><a href="SmarThink" title="SmarThink">SmarThink</a></li>
<li><a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li>
<li><a href="Torch_(chess_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torch (chess engine)">Torch</a></li>
<li><a href="Turochamp" title="Turochamp">Turochamp</a></li>
<li><a href="Zappa_(chess)" title="Zappa (chess)">Zappa</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p>In <a href="Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">computer chess</a>, a <b>chess engine</b> is a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that analyzes <a href="Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> or <a href="List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">chess variant</a> positions, and generates a move or list of moves that it regards as strongest.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A chess <a href="Software_engine" title="Software engine">engine</a> is usually a <a href="Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">back end</a> with a <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> with no graphics or <a href="Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing</a>. Engines are usually used with a front end, a windowed <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> such as <a href="Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a> or <a href="WinBoard" class="mw-redirect" title="WinBoard">WinBoard</a> that the user can interact with via a keyboard, mouse or touchscreen. This allows the user to play against multiple engines without learning a new user interface for each, and allows different engines to play against each other.
</p><p>Many chess engines are now available for mobile phones and tablets, making them even more accessible.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="History_of_chess_engines" title="History of chess engines">History of chess engines</a></div>
<p>The meaning of the term "chess engine" has evolved over time. In 1986, Linda and Tony Scherzer entered their program Bebe into the 4th <a href="World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">World Computer Chess Championship</a>, running it on "Chess Engine," their brand name for the chess computer hardware<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made, and marketed by their company Sys-10, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1990 the developers of <a href="Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a>, <a href="Feng-hsiung_Hsu" title="Feng-hsiung Hsu">Feng-hsiung Hsu</a> and <a href="Murray_Campbell" title="Murray Campbell">Murray Campbell</a>, were writing of giving their program a 'searching engine,' apparently referring to the software rather than the hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1991, <i>Computer-schach & Spiele</i> referred to <a href="Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a>'s recently released <a href="Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a> as a 'Schach-motor,' the German translation for 'chess engine.'<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1993, Marty Hirsch was drawing a distinction between commercial chess programs such as <i><a href="Chessmaster" title="Chessmaster">Chessmaster</a> 3000</i> or <i><a href="Battle_Chess" title="Battle Chess">Battle Chess</a></i> on the one hand, and 'chess engines' such as <i><a href="ChessGenius" title="ChessGenius">ChessGenius</a></i> or his own <i><a href="MChess_Pro" title="MChess Pro">MChess Pro</a></i> on the other. In his characterization, commercial chess programs were low in price, had fancy graphics, but did not place high on the SSDF (<a href="Swedish_Chess_Computer_Association" title="Swedish Chess Computer Association">Swedish Chess Computer Association</a>) rating lists while engines were more expensive, and did have high ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1994, Shay Bushinsky was working on an early version of his <i><a href="Junior_(chess_program)" title="Junior (chess program)">Junior</a></i> program. He wanted to focus on the chess playing part rather than the graphics, and so asked Tim Mann how he could get <i>Junior</i> to communicate with <i><a href="Winboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Winboard">Winboard</a>.</i> Tim's answer formed the basis for what became known as the Chess Engine Communication Protocol or Winboard engines, originally a subset of the <a href="GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a> command line interface.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Also in 1994, Stephen J. Edwards released the <a href="Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">Portable Game Notation</a> (PGN) specification. It mentions PGN reading programs not needing to have a "full chess engine." It also mentions three "graphical user interfaces" (GUI): <a href="XBoard" title="XBoard">XBoard</a>, pgnRead and Slappy the database.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>By the mid-2000s, engines had become so strong that they were able to beat even the best human players. Except for entertainment purposes, especially using engines with limited strength, matches between humans and engines are now rare; engines are increasingly regarded as tools for analysis rather than as opponents.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interface_protocol">Interface protocol</h2></div>
<p>Common Winboard engines would include <i><a href="Crafty" title="Crafty">Crafty</a>,</i> <i>ProDeo</i> (based on <i><a href="REBEL_(chess)" title="REBEL (chess)">Rebel</a></i>), <i>Chenard,</i> <i><a href="Zarkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarkov">Zarkov</a></i> and <i>Phalanx.</i>
</p><p>In 1995, <a href="Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a> released a version of their database program including <a href="Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a> 4 as a separate engine. This was the first appearance of the Chessbase protocol. Soon after, they added the engines <a href="Junior_(chess_program)" title="Junior (chess program)">Junior</a> and <a href="Shredder_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shredder (chess)">Shredder</a> to their product line up, including engines in CB protocol as separate programs which could be installed in the <a href="Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a> program or one of the other Fritz style GUI's. Fritz 1-14 were only issued as Chessbase engines, while <i><a href="Hiarcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiarcs">Hiarcs</a>,</i> <i>Nimzo,</i> <i><a href="Chess_Tiger" title="Chess Tiger">Chess Tiger</a></i> and <i><a href="Crafty" title="Crafty">Crafty</a></i> have been ported to Chessbase format even though they were UCI or Winboard engines. Recently, Chessbase has begun to include <a href="Universal_Chess_Interface" title="Universal Chess Interface">Universal Chess Interface</a> (UCI) engines in their playing programs such as <i><a href="Komodo_(chess)" title="Komodo (chess)">Komodo</a>,</i> <i><a href="Houdini_(chess)" title="Houdini (chess)">Houdini</a>,</i> <i><a href="Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a> 15–16</i> and <i><a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a></i> rather than convert them to Chessbase engines.
</p><p>In 2000, <a href="Stefan_Meyer-Kahlen" title="Stefan Meyer-Kahlen">Stefan Meyer-Kahlen</a> and Franz Huber released the <a href="Universal_Chess_Interface" title="Universal Chess Interface">Universal Chess Interface</a>, a more detailed protocol that introduced a wider set of features. <a href="Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a> soon after dropped support for Winboard engines, and added support for UCI to their engine GUI's and <a href="Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a> programs. Most of the top engines are UCI these days: <i><a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a>,</i> <i><a href="Komodo_(chess)" title="Komodo (chess)">Komodo</a>,</i> <i><a href="Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a>,</i> <i><a href="Houdini_(chess)" title="Houdini (chess)">Houdini</a>,</i> <i><a href="Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a> 15-16,</i> <i><a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a>,</i> <i><a href="Shredder_(software)" title="Shredder (software)">Shredder</a>,</i> <i><a href="Fruit_(software)" title="Fruit (software)">Fruit</a>,</i> <i><a href="Critter_(chess)" title="Critter (chess)">Critter</a>,</i> <i><a href="IPPOLIT" title="IPPOLIT">Ivanhoe</a></i> and <i>Ruffian.</i>
</p><p>From 1998, the German company Millenium 2000 briefly moved from dedicated chess computers into the software market, developing the Millennium Chess System (MCS) protocol for a series of CD's containing <i><a href="ChessGenius" title="ChessGenius">ChessGenius</a></i> or <i><a href="Shredder_(software)" title="Shredder (software)">Shredder</a>,</i> but after 2001 ceased releasing new software.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more longstanding engine protocol has been used by the Dutch company, Lokasoft,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which eventually took over the marketing of Ed Schröder's <i><a href="REBEL_(chess)" title="REBEL (chess)">Rebel</a>.</i>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Increasing_strength">Increasing strength</h2></div>
<p>Chess engines increase in playing strength continually. This is partly due to the increase in processing power that enables calculations to be made to ever greater depths in a given time. In addition, programming techniques have improved, enabling the engines to be more selective in the lines that they analyze and to acquire a better positional understanding. A chess engine often uses a vast previously-computed opening "book" to increase its playing strength for the first several moves, up to possibly 20 moves or more in deeply analyzed lines.
</p>
<p>Some chess engines maintain a database of chess positions, along with previously-computed evaluations and best moves—in effect, a kind of "dictionary" of recurring chess positions. Since these positions are pre-computed, the engine merely plays one of the indicated moves in the database, thereby saving computing time, resulting in stronger, faster play.
</p><p>Some chess engines use <a href="Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">endgame tablebases</a> to increase their playing strength during the <a href="Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">endgame</a>. An endgame tablebase includes all possible endgame positions with a small amount of material. Each position is conclusively determined as a win, loss, or draw for the player whose turn it is to move, and the number of moves to the end with best play by both sides. The tablebase identifies for every position the move which will win the fastest against an optimal defense, or the move that will lose the slowest against an optimal offense. Such tablebases are available for all chess endgames with seven pieces or fewer (trivial endgame positions are excluded, such as six white pieces versus a lone black <a href="King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>When the maneuvering in an ending to achieve an irreversible improvement takes more moves than the horizon of calculation of a chess engine, an engine is not guaranteed to find the best move without the use of an endgame tablebase, and in many cases can fall foul of the <a href="Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">fifty-move rule</a> as a result. Many engines use <a href="Permanent_brain" title="Permanent brain">permanent brain</a> (continuing to calculate during the opponent's turn) as a method to increase their strength.
</p><p><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a> is also used to improve the software code of chess engines. In 2013, the developers of the <a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a> chess playing program started using distributed computing to make improvements in the software code.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2017, a total of more than 745 years of CPU time has been used to play more than 485 million chess games, with the results being used to make small and incremental improvements to the chess-playing software.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a> engine was introduced, which used a <a href="Deep_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural network">deep neural network</a> to evaluate positions, learning in autonomous mode through independent play and self-improvement. AlphaZero won from Stockfish in the same year, after which Stockfish was upgraded by modifying its manually-tuned position evaluator to incorporate neural network-based evaluations. The current form of Stockfish is seen as exceptionally strong and capable of an almost perfect chess game.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Ethereal author Andrew Grant started the distributed computing testing framework OpenBench, based upon Stockfish's testing framework,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is now the most widely-used testing framework for chess engines.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limiting_an_engine's_strength">Limiting an engine's strength</h2></div>
<p>By the late 1990s, the top engines had become so strong that few players stood a chance of winning a game against them. To give players more of a chance, engines began to include settings to adjust or limit their strength. In 2000, when <a href="Stefan_Meyer-Kahlen" title="Stefan Meyer-Kahlen">Stefan Meyer-Kahlen</a> and Franz Huber released the <a href="Universal_Chess_Interface" title="Universal Chess Interface">Universal Chess Interface</a> protocol they included the parameters uci_limitstrength and uci_elo allowing engine authors to offer a variety of levels rated in accordance with <a href="Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo rating</a>, as calibrated by one of the rating lists. Most GUIs for UCI engines allow users to set this Elo rating within the menus. Even engines that have not adopted this parameter will sometimes have an adjustable strength parameter (e.g. Stockfish 11). Engines which have a uci_elo parameter include <a href="Houdini_(chess)" title="Houdini (chess)">Houdini</a>, <a href="Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a> 15–16, <a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a>, <a href="Shredder_(software)" title="Shredder (software)">Shredder</a>, <a href="Hiarcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiarcs">Hiarcs</a>, <a href="Junior_(chess_program)" title="Junior (chess program)">Junior</a>, <a href="Zappa_(chess)" title="Zappa (chess)">Zappa</a>, and <a href="Sjeng_(software)" title="Sjeng (software)">Sjeng</a>. GUIs such as <a href="Shredder_(software)" title="Shredder (software)">Shredder</a>, <a href="Chess_Assistant" title="Chess Assistant">Chess Assistant</a>, Convekta Aquarium,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hiarcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiarcs">Hiarcs</a> Chess Explorer, and Martin Blume's Arena<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have dropdown menus for setting the engine's uci_elo parameter. The Fritz family GUIs, <a href="Chess_Assistant" title="Chess Assistant">Chess Assistant</a>, and Aquarium also have independent means of limiting an engine's strength apparently based on an engine's ability to generate ranked lists of moves (called multipv for 'principle variation').
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournaments">Tournaments</h3></div>
<p>The results of computer tournaments give one view of the relative strengths of chess engines. However, tournaments do not play a statistically significant number of games for accurate strength determination. In fact, the number of games that need to be played between fairly evenly matched engines, in order to achieve significance, runs into the thousands and is, therefore, impractical within the framework of a tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tournaments also allow any types of hardware, so only engine/hardware combinations are being compared.
</p><p>Historically, commercial programs have been the strongest engines. If an amateur engine wins a tournament or otherwise performs well (for example, <a href="Zappa_(chess)" title="Zappa (chess)">Zappa</a> in 2005), then it is quickly commercialized. Titles gained in these tournaments garner much prestige for the winning programs, and are thus used for marketing purposes. However, after the rise of <a href="Volunteer_computing" title="Volunteer computing">volunteer</a> <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> projects such as <a href="Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a> and <a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a> and testing frameworks such as FishTest and OpenBench in the late 2010s, <a href="Free_and_open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source">free and open source</a> programs have largely displaced commercial programs as the strongest engines in tournaments.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_tournaments">List of tournaments</h4></div>
<p>Current tournaments include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">Top Chess Engine Championship</a> (TCEC)</li>
<li><a href="Chess.com#Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Chess.com">Chess.com Computer Chess Championship</a> (CCC)</li></ul>
<p>Historic tournaments include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet_Chess_Club#Internet_Computer_Chess_Tournament" title="Internet Chess Club">Internet Computer Chess Tournament</a> (CCT)</li>
<li><a href="International_Paderborn_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship">International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American Computer Chess Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">World Computer Chess Championship</a> (WCCC and WCSC)
<ul><li><a href="World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">World Computer Speed Chess Championship</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratings">Ratings</h3></div>
<p>Chess engine rating lists aim to provide statistically significant measures of relative engine strength. These lists play multiple games between engines. Some also standardize the opening books, the <a href="Time_control" title="Time control">time controls</a>, and the <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> the engines use, in an attempt to measure the strength differences of the engines only. These lists provide not only a ranking, but also margins of error on the given ratings.
</p><p>The ratings on the rating lists, although calculated by using the <a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo system</a> (or similar rating methods), have no direct relation to FIDE Elo ratings or to other chess federation ratings of human players. Except for some man versus machine games which the SSDF had organized many years ago (when engines were far from today's strength), there is <i>no calibration</i> between any of these rating lists and player pools. Hence, the results which matter are the <i>ranks</i> and the <i>differences</i> between the ratings, and not the absolute values.
</p><p>Missing from many rating lists are <a href="IPPOLIT" title="IPPOLIT">IPPOLIT</a> and its derivatives. Although very strong and <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>, there are allegations from commercial software interests that they were derived from a disassembled binary of <a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the <a href="Rybka#IPPOLIT_controversy" title="Rybka">controversy</a>, all these engines have been blacklisted from many tournaments and rating lists. Rybka in turn was accused of being based on <a href="Fruit_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit (chess)">Fruit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in June 2011, the ICGA formally claimed Rybka was derived from Fruit and Crafty and banned Rybka from the International Computer Games Association World Computer Chess Championship, and revoked its previous victories (2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICGA received some criticism for this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-AGMoJiCCpo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGMoJiCCpo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite all this, Rybka is still included on many rating lists, such as CCRL and CEGT, in addition to <a href="Houdini" class="mw-redirect" title="Houdini">Houdini</a>, a derivative of the IPPOLIT derivative Robbolito,<sup id="cite_ref-chess_vibes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chess_vibes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fire, a derivative of Houdini. In addition, <a href="ChessBase#Criticism_and_legal_issues" title="ChessBase">Fat Fritz 2</a>, a derivative of Stockfish,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also included on most of the rating lists.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differences_between_rating_lists">Differences between rating lists</h4></div>
<p>There are a number of factors that vary among the chess engine rating lists:
</p>
<ul><li>Number of games. <a href="Law_of_large_numbers" title="Law of large numbers">More games when testing each engine</a> result in higher <a href="Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistical significance</a>.</li>
<li>Formulae used to calculate the elo of each engine.</li>
<li><a href="Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a>:
<ul><li>Longer time controls are better suited for determining tournament play strength, but also either make testing more time-consuming or the results less statistically significant.</li>
<li>Increment time controls are better suited for determining tournament play strength since tournaments usually use increment time controls, but many rating lists use cyclic/repeating time controls instead.</li>
<li>Consistent time controls throughout the rating list vs different time controls for each test. The latter results in a smaller <a href="Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistical significance</a> than the former because different time controls is a potential <a href="Confounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounder">confounder</a>. This is particularly problematic for CCRL because CCRL uses both cyclic/repeating time controls (40/15) and increment time controls (15"+10') in its CCRL 40/15 list yet maintains both time controls on the same list.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li>Opponents used in testing engines.
<ul><li>Some rating lists only test an engine against the most recent version of each opponent engine, while other rating lists test an engine against the version(s) of each opponent engine closest in elo to the engine being tested.</li>
<li>Most rating lists do not test every engine on the rating list vs every other engine on the rating list in a <a href="Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin tournament</a> format. This causes distortions in the rating lists, especially for CCRL and CEGT.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li>Hardware used:
<ul><li>Faster hardware with more memory leads to stronger play.</li>
<li>64-bit (vs. 32-bit) hardware and operating systems favor <a href="Bitboard" title="Bitboard">bitboard</a>-based programs</li>
<li>Hardware using modern instruction sets such as <a href="AVX2" class="mw-redirect" title="AVX2">AVX2</a> or <a href="AVX512" class="mw-redirect" title="AVX512">AVX512</a> favor engines using vectors and vector intrinsics in their code, common in <a href="Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Graphics_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics processing units">Graphics processing units</a> favor programs with <a href="Deep_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural networks">deep neural networks</a>.</li>
<li>Multiprocessor vs. single processor hardware.</li>
<li>Consistent hardware throughout the rating list vs different hardware for every test. The latter results in a smaller <a href="Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistical significance</a> than the former because different hardware is a potential <a href="Confounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounder">confounder</a>. This is particularly problematic for <a href="CEGT" class="mw-redirect" title="CEGT">CEGT</a> because multiple testers each with their own unique hardware are involved in testing each engine in CEGT.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same issue arises in <a href="CCRL" class="mw-redirect" title="CCRL">CCRL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li>Ponder settings (speculative analysis while the opponent is thinking) aka Permanent Brain.</li>
<li>Transposition table sizes.</li>
<li>GUI settings.</li>
<li>Opening book settings.</li></ul>
<p>These differences affect the results, and make direct comparisons between rating lists difficult.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_rating_lists">List of rating lists</h4></div>
<p>Current rating lists and rating list organizations include:
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/">Computer Chess Rating Lists</a> (CCRL)
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/">CCRL Blitz 2+1</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/4040/">CCRL 40/15</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404FRC/">CCRL FRC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_Engines_Grand_Tournament" title="Chess Engines Grand Tournament">Chess Engines Grand Tournament</a> (CEGT)
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegt.net/blitz.htm">CEGT Blitz</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegt.net/rating.htm">CEGT 40/20</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegt.net/rating120.htm">CEGT 40/120</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegt.net/rating3plus1pbon.htm">CEGT 3"+1'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegt.net/rating5plus3pbon.htm">CEGT 5"+3'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegt.net/rating25plus8.htm">CEGT 25"+8'</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sp-cc.de/">Stefan Pohl Computer Chess</a> (SPCC)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessengeria.eu/mcerl">Mac Chess Engine Rating List</a> (MCERL)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/">Ipman Chess</a>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/r9-7945hx.php">Ipman Chess AMD Ryzen 9 7945HX</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/i9-7980xe.php">Ipman Chess Intel i9 7980XE</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/i7-13700h.php">Ipman Chess Intel i7 13700H</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssdf.bosjo.net/list.htm">SSDF</a></li></ul>
<p>Historic rating lists and rating list organizations include:
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrl.chessdom.com/ccrl/">Computer Chess Rating Lists</a> (CCRL)
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrl.chessdom.com/ccrl/402.archive/">CCRL 40/2 Archive</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de">FastGM's Rating List</a> (FGRL)
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de/240-2.40.html">FGRL 4"+2.4'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de/30min.html">FGRL 30"</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/">Ipman Chess</a>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/list-i7-970.php">Ipman Chess i7 970</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/i7-11800h.php">Ipman Chess Intel i7 11800H</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/list-i7-2670qm.php">Ipman Chess i7 2670QM</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/list-i3-m380.php">Ipman Chess List i3 M380</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipmanchess.yolasite.com/i7-5960x.php">Ipman Chess i7 5960x</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125041233/http://inwoba.de/bayes.html">IPON</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rebel13.nl/misc/gambit-rating-list.html">Gambit Rating List</a> (GRL)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de">FastGM's Rating List</a> (FGRL)
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de/60-0.60.html">FGRL 1"+0.6'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de/10min.html">FGRL 10"+6'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de/60min.html">FGRL 60"+15'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastgm.de/16-60-0.6.html">FGRL 16 Cores vs RTX 2070</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rebel7775.wixsite.com/rebel/">Anti Draw Rating List</a> (ADRL)
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331164628/https://rebel7775.wixsite.com/rebel/adrl-blitz">ADRL Blitz</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331164629/https://rebel7775.wixsite.com/rebel/kopie-van-adrl-blitz">ADRL 40/120</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_suites">Test suites</h3></div>
<p>Engines can be tested by measuring their performance on specific positions. Typical is the use of test suites where for each given position there is one best move to find. These positions can be geared towards positional, tactical or endgame play. The <a href="Nolot" title="Nolot">Nolot</a> test suite, for instance, focuses on deep sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BT2450 and BT2630 test suites measure the tactical capability of a chess engine and have been used by <a href="REBEL_(chess)" title="REBEL (chess)">REBEL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a general test suite called Brilliancy which was compiled mostly from <i>How to Reassess Your Chess Workbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Strategic Test Suite (STS) tests an engine's strategical strength.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another modern test suite is Nightmare II which contains 30 chess puzzles.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasparov_versus_the_World_(chess_game_played_with_computer_assistance)">Kasparov versus the World (chess game played with computer assistance)</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Kasparov_versus_the_World" title="Kasparov versus the World">Kasparov versus the World</a></div>
<p>In 1999, <a href="Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> played a chess game called "Kasparov versus the World" over the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, hosted by the <a href="MSN_Gaming_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Gaming Zone">MSN Gaming Zone</a>. Both sides used computer (chess engine) assistance. The "World Team" included the participation of over 50,000 people from more than 75 countries, deciding their moves by <a href="Plurality_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality vote">plurality vote</a>. The game lasted four months, ending after Kasparov's 62nd move when he announced a forced <a href="Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a> in 28 moves found with the computer program <a href="Junior_(chess_program)" title="Junior (chess program)">Deep Junior</a>. The World Team voters resigned on October 22. After the game, Kasparov said: "It is the greatest game in the history of chess. The sheer number of ideas, the complexity, and the contribution it has made to chess make it the most important game ever played."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engines_for_chess_variants">Engines for chess variants</h2></div>
<p>Some chess engines have been developed to play <a href="List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">chess variants</a>, adding the necessary code to simulate <a href="Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">non-standard chess pieces</a>, or to analyze play on non-standard boards. <a href="ChessV" title="ChessV">ChessV</a> and <a href="Fairy-Max" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy-Max">Fairy-Max</a>, for example, are both capable of playing variants on a chessboard up to 12×8 in size, such as <a href="Capablanca_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Capablanca Chess">Capablanca Chess</a> (10×8 board).
</p><p>For larger boards, however, there are few chess engines that can play effectively, and indeed chess games played on an unbounded chessboard (<a href="Infinite_chess" title="Infinite chess">infinite chess</a>) are virtually untouched by chess-playing software, although theoretically a program using a <a href="MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a>-derived algorithm could handle an unbounded <a href="State_space" class="mw-redirect" title="State space">state space</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphical_user_interfaces">Graphical user interfaces</h2></div>
<p><a href="XBoard" title="XBoard">XBoard</a>/<a href="Winboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Winboard">Winboard</a> was one of the earliest <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (GUI). Tim Mann created it to provide a GUI for the <a href="GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a> engine, but after that, other engines such as <a href="Crafty" title="Crafty">Crafty</a> appeared which used the Winboard protocol. Eventually, the program <a href="Chessmaster" title="Chessmaster">Chessmaster</a> included the option to import other Winboard engines in addition to the King engine which was included.
</p><p>In 1995, <a href="Chessbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chessbase">Chessbase</a> began offering the <a href="Fritz_(chess)" title="Fritz (chess)">Fritz</a> engine as a separate program within the Chessbase database program and within the Fritz GUI. Soon after, they added the <a href="Junior_(chess_program)" title="Junior (chess program)">Junior</a> and <a href="Shredder_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shredder (chess)">Shredder</a> engines to their product line up, packaging them within the same GUI as was used for Fritz. In the late 1990s, the Fritz GUI was able to run Winboard engines via an adapter, but after 2000, Chessbase simply added support for UCI engines, and no longer invested much effort in Winboard.
</p><p>In 2000, <a href="Stefan_Meyer-Kahlen" title="Stefan Meyer-Kahlen">Stefan Meyer-Kahlen</a> started selling Shredder in a separate <a href="Universal_Chess_Interface" title="Universal Chess Interface">UCI</a> GUI of his own design, allowing UCI or Winboard engines to be imported into it.
</p><p>Convekta's <a href="Chess_Assistant" title="Chess Assistant">Chess Assistant</a> and Lokasoft's ChessPartner also added the ability to import Winboard and UCI engines into their products. Shane Hudson developed <a href="Shane's_Chess_Information_Database" title="Shane's Chess Information Database">Shane's Chess Information Database</a>, a free GUI for Linux, Mac and Windows. Martin Blume developed Arena,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another free GUI for Linux and Windows. Lucas Monge entered the field with the free Lucas Chess GUI.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three can handle both UCI and Winboard engines.
</p><p>On Android, Aart Bik came out with Chess for Android,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another free GUI, and Gerhard Kalab's Chess PGN Master<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Peter Osterlund's Droidfish<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also serve as GUIs for engines.
</p><p>The Computer Chess Wiki lists many chess GUIs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">Chess variants</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a></li>
<li><a href="Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet_chess_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">List of chess software</a></li>
<li><a href="Dietrich_Prinz's_Chess_Program" title="Dietrich Prinz's Chess Program">Dietrich Prinz's Chess Program</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405095458/http://www.computerchess.info/tdbb/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=257#p1351">Chess Engine's Polyglot Opening Book for WinBoard GUI</a> - A general (learning) purpose Chess Engine's Polyglot Opening Book for WinBoard GUI.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessprogramming.org">Chess Programming Wiki</a></li></ul>
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<li><a href="Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li>
<li><dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li>
<li><a href="Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li>
<li><a href="Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li>
<li><a href="Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li>
<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_chess" title="Transgender people in chess">Transgender people in chess</a></li>
<li>Chess museums
<ul><li><a href="Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li>
<li><a href="G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li>
<li><a href="Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li>
<li><a href="Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li>
<li><a href="Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li>
<li><a href="Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a>
<ul><li><a href="Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li>
<li><a href="Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li>
<li><a href="Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li>
<li><a href="Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li>
<li><a href="Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li>
<li><a href="White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li>
<li><a href="Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li>
<li><a href="Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li>
<li><a href="Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li>
<li><a href="Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li>
<li><a href="King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a>
<ul><li><a href="Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li>
<li><a href="Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a>
<ul><li><a href="Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li>
<li><a href="Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li>
<li><a href="Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li>
<li><a href="Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li>
<li><a href="Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li>
<li><a href="Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li>
<li><a href="Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li>
<li><a href="Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a>
<ul><li><a href="Alekhine's_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li>
<li><a href="Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li>
<li><a href="Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li>
<li><a href="Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li>
<li><a href="Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li>
<li><a href="Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li>
<li><a href="Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li>
<li><a href="Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li>
<li><a href="Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li>
<li><a href="Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li>
<li><a href="Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li>
<li><a href="Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li>
<li><a href="Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li>
<li><a href="Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a>
<ul><li><a href="Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li>
<li><a href="Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li>
<li><a href="Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li>
<li><a href="X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li>
<li><a href="Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li>
<li><a href="Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a>
<ul><li><a href="The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a>
<ul><li><a href="First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li>
<li><a href="Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li>
<li><a href="Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li>
<li><a href="Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li>
<li><a href="Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li>
<li><a href="Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li>
<li><a href="School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="King's_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="Bird's_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="Grob's_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li>
<li><a href="Larsen's_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a>
<ul><li><a href="King's_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li>
<li><a href="R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="King's_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Alekhine's_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a>
<ul><li><a href="Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li>
<li><a href="Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li>
<li><a href="Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li>
<li><a href="King's_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li>
<li><a href="Petrov's_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li>
<li><a href="Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li>
<li><a href="Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Owen's_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a>
<ul><li><a href="Pirc_Defence%2C_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a>
<ul><li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li>
<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li>
<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Queen's_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li>
<li><a href="Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li>
<li><a href="Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a>
<ul><li><a href="Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li>
<li><a href="Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li>
<li><a href="Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="King's_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="Queen's_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li>
<li><a href="Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li>
<li><a href="Queen's_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a>
<ul><li><a href="Queen's_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li>
<li><a href="Queen's_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li>
<li><a href="Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li>
<li><a href="Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li>
<li><a href="Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li>
<li><a href="Fool's_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li>
<li><a href="Scholar's_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li>
<li><a href="King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs. king</a></li>
<li><a href="Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li>
<li><a href="Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li>
<li><a href="Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs. queen</a></li>
<li><a href="Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs. pawn</a></li>
<li><a href="Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs. rook</a></li>
<li><a href="Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs. rook</a></li>
<li><a href="Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs. rook</a>
<ul><li><a href="Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li>
<li><a href="Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Strategy
<ul><li><a href="Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li>
<li><a href="Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li>
<li><a href="Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li>
<li><a href="Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li>
<li><a href="Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li>
<li><a href="Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a>
<ul><li><a href="Women's_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li>
<li><a href="Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Other world championships
<ul><li><a href="Women's_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Computer chess championships
<ul><li><a href="Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li>
<li><a href="Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li>
<li><a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li>
<li><a href="Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li>
<li>film</li>
<li>novels</li>
<li>paintings</li>
<li>poetry</li>
<li>short stories</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li>
<li><a href="Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li>
<li><a href="Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li>
<li><a href="Mittens_(chess)" title="Mittens (chess)">Mittens</a></li>
<li><a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a>
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li>
<li><a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Mechanical_Turk" title="Mechanical Turk">Mechanical Turk</a></li>
<li><a href="Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li>
<li><a href="Tie-breaking_in_Swiss-system_tournaments" title="Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments">Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments</a></li>
<li><a href="Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></li>
<li>Category</li></ul>
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